11. 태 (Voice) -수동태와 능동태-

11. 태 (Voice)

Ⅰ. 태의 종류와 전환

1. 수동태와 능동태

    1) 태 : 동작의 관점의 차이에 의해서 생기는 동사의 표현 형식을 태라고 한다.            

         ⋆수동태 : 동작을 하는 쪽에 중점을 둠.

         ⋆능동태 : 동작을 받는 쪽에 중점을 둠.   

    2) 능동태를 수동태로 고치는 방법

      ① 능동태의 ｢목적어｣가 수동태의 ｢주어｣가 됨.  

      ② 능동태의 ｢동사｣는 ｢be +pp｣로 바꿈.    

      ③ 능동태의 ｢주어｣는 by 뒤에 와서 부사구를 이룸.

              

          He  wrote  this letter.   (능동태)

          S     V        O

          

         This letter was written by him.  (수동태)

             S           V     (부사구) 

      ∙All the people in the world admire Kennedy.  (능동태)

        = Kennedy is admired by all the people in the world. (수동태)

    3) 수동태로 쓸 수 없는 동사 :

      ⋆목적어가 있는 문장이라고 모두 수동태로 바뀌지는 않는다.

      ⋆have(가지고있다), resemble, lack, become 등은 수동태가 안되는 동사들이다.

      ∙She resembles her mother.  →  Her mother is resembled by her. (×)

2. 수동태의 시제

    ⋆be의 시제는 능동태의 시제와 일치시키고, 인칭·수는 수동태의 주어와 일치시킨다.

      

구  분	현      재	과      거	미      래
단순형	It is done.	It was done.	It will be done.
완료형	It has been done.	It had been done.	It will have been done.
진행형	It is being done.	It was being done.	(없    음)

    ∙Jack builds the house.

      → The house is built by Jack. (현재)

    ∙Jack built the house.

      → The house was built by Jack. (과거)

    ∙Jack will build the house.

      → The house will be built by Jack. (미래)

    ⋆인칭에 따라 will, shall을 정한다.

    ∙He will catch me. (단순미래)

      → I shall be caught by him.

    ∙I will do it. (의지미래)

      → It shall be done (by me)

    ∙Jack has built the house. (현재완료)

      → The house has been built by Jack.

    ∙Jack had built the house.

      → The house had been built by Jack. (과거완료)

    ∙Jack will have built the house.

      → The house will have been built by Jack. (미래완료)

    ∙Jack is building the house.

      → The house is being built by Jack. (진행형)

    ∙Jack can build the house.

      → The house can be built by Jack. (조동사)

    ∙Columbus discovered America.

      = America was discovered by Columbus.

    ∙He has painted these pictures.

      = These pictures have been painted by him. (현재완료형 수동태)

    ∙She had often seen such a sight before.

      = Such a sight had often been seen by her before. (과거완료형 수동태)

    ∙He is copying the manuscript.

      = The manuscript is being copied by him.  (현재진행형 수동태)

    ∙I shall see you there.

      = You will be seen there by me.

    ∙I will pay the money tomorrow. (의지미래)

      = The money shall be paid by me tomorrow.

    ⋆단순미래의 경우 1인칭에는 shall,  2·3인칭에는 will을 쓴다.

    ⋆의지미래에서는 shall과 will이 그 반대로 된다.

    ∙You must write the letter.

      = The letter must be written by you.

    ∙You ought to do it.

      = It ought to be done by you.

    ∙You need not write it.

      = It need not be written by you.

    ∙He may have made it.

      = It may have been made by him.

Ⅱ. 주의해야 할 수동태

1. 재귀대명사가 목적어인 경우

    ⋆능동태에선 동작을, 수동태에선 상태를 표시한다.

    ∙I devoted myself to my business. (동작)

      → I was devoted to my business. (상태)

    ∙She dressed herself for supper. (동작)

      → She was dressed for supper. (상태)

   

2. 4형식 문장의 수동태

    1) 4형식의 문장은 대개 간접목적어를 주어로 하든지, 직접목적어를 주어로 하여

      두개의 수동태가 가능하다.   4형식의 수동태는 3형식의 문장이다.

      ∙Tom gave me the book.  (4형식)

        → I was given the book by Tom.  (직·목을 주어로, 3형식) : the book은 보류목적

        → The book was given me by Tom. (간·목을 주어로, 3형식) : me는 보류목적

        → The book was given to me by Tom. (1형식)

    2) I.O가 보류목적어가 될 때

      ⋆일반적으로 I.O가 보류목적어가 될 땐, 그 앞에 전치사 to, for, of 등을 사용한다.

      ⋆S + V + I.O + D.O → S + V + D.O + pre +I.O)

      ① to를 사용하는 동사 : send, tell, lend, give, offer, bring, owe, teach, show, write,

                             read, 등...

      ② for를 사용하는 동사 : buy, make, find, choose, get, cook, build 등...

      ③ of를 사용하는 동사 : ask, inquire, require 등...

        ∙A letter was sent (to) me by him.

        ∙A watch was bought for me by him.

        ∙Some questions were asked of me by him.

    3) D·O만 수동태의 주어로 하는 동사

      ⋆write, make, get, bring, carry, send, throw, pass, afford, ensure, intend, mean, preach,

        reach, return, wire, yield, hand, read, sell, sing, do 등의 동사는 D·O만 수동태의 주어

        가 될 수 있다.

      ∙She made me a doll.   → A doll was made for me by her.

      ∙I wrote him a letter. → A letter was written him by me.

      ∙A book was brought (to) him. (○)

        He was brought a book. (×)

      ∙A long letter was written (to) him.  (○)

        He was written a long letter. (×) 

    4) I·O만 수동태의 주어로 하는 동사

      ⋆envy, call, kiss, answer, save, spare 등은 I·O만 수동태의 주어가 된다.

      ∙They envied him his luck. → He was envied his luck (by them). (○)

                                     His luck was envied him. (×)

      ∙He was called names by everybody. (○)

        Names were called him. (×)

      ∙I was spared the trouble. (○)

        The trouble was spared me. (×)

      ∙He was kissed goodnight. (○)

        Goodnight was kissed him. (×)

3. 5형식 문장의 수동태

    1) 5형식 문장을 수동태로 바꾸면 2형식 문장이 된다.

      ∙They elected him chairman. (5형식)

        → He was elected chairman (by them). (2형식)

    2) 지각동사, 사역동사가 있는 5형식 문장의 목적보어는 원형부정사이지만

       수동태로 바꾸어 쓰면 to부정사로 써야 한다.

      ∙I saw him enter the room.

        → He was seen to enter the room by me.

      ∙We heard him sing.  = He was heard to sing.

      ∙We made her do the work.  = She was made to do the work.

      ⋆사역동사 중 let, have는 수동태가 없다.

      ⋆let, have를 수동태로 할 때 :

          let → be allowed to

          have → be asked to 로 바꾸어서 한다.

        ∙He had me sing. → I was asked to sing by him.

          He let me go.   → I was allowed to go by him.

    3) 일반인을 나타내는 we, you, one, they, people, someone, somebody 등은

       수동태에서는 보통 생략하며, 보어는 주어가 될 수 없다.

      ∙They elected Kennedy President.

        → Kennedy was elected President (by them).

4. 합성동사의 수동태

    ⋆합성동사는 수동태에서 한 단위로 취급된다.

    1) 자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.

      ∙He laughed at me. (3형식)

       → I was laughed at by him. (1형식)

    2) 타동사 + 추상명사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.

      ⋆take care of,  find fault with,  pay attention to,  give heed to,

        catch sight of,  lose sight of  etc.

      ∙They took good care of the child. (3형식)

       → The child was taken good care of (by them). (1형식)

       → Good care was taken of the child (by him).

    3) 동사 + 부사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.

      ∙The villagers looked up to the doctor. (3형식)

        → The doctor was looked up to by the villagers. (1형식)

      ⋆speak well of → be well spoken of의 형태.

      ∙They speak well of Mary.

        → Mary is spoken well of (by them).  (×)

        → Mary is well spoken of (by them).  (○)

5. 목적어가 명사절인 수동태

    ⋆가주어 It를 내세우든지, that절 속의 주어를 수동태의 주어로 한다.

    ⋆본동사 시제 = that절 동사 시제 → 단순부정사.

    ⋆본동사 시제보다 that절 동사 시제가 하나 더 과거 → 완료부정사.

    ∙They say that he is honest.

      → That he is honest is said (by them).

      → It is said (by them) that he is honest.

      → He is said to be honest (by them).

    ∙They say that he was honest.

      → It is said (by them) that he was honest.

      → He is said to have been honest (by them).

6. 의문문 수동태

   ⋆의문문을 수동태로 고칠 경우는 평서문 → 수동태 → 의문문으로 바꾸어 가면 이해가 쉽다.

    ∙Did you plant this tree?

      → You planted this tree. (평서문)

      → This tree was planted by you.  (수동태)

      → Was this tree planted by you?  (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)

    ∙Who saw the accident?

      → Who saw the accident. (평서문; 非문장)

      → The accident was seen by whom. (수동태; 非문장)

      → By whom was the accident seen? (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)

    ∙What did he write on the blackboard?

      → What was written on the blackboard by him?

7. 명령문 수동태

    ⋆������Let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사������의 형태를 사용한다.

    ∙Do it at once.

      → Let it be done at once.

    ∙Don't touch the stone.

      → Don't let the stone be touched.

      → Let the stone not be touched.

    ⋆명령문의 부정은 두 가지가 있다.

      ｢Don't let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사｣

      ｢Let + 목적어 + not + be + 과거분사｣

8. 부정문 수동태

    ∙ no ↔ not + any.                 ∙ nobody ↔ not + anybody.

    ∙ never ↔ not + ever.             ∙ nothing ↔ not + anything.

    ∙ neither ↔ not + either.          ∙ no one ↔ no + anyone.

    ⋆not은 항상 문두로 가려는 성질이 있음.

    ∙Anyone can not solve the problem. (×)

      → No one can solve the problem.  (○)

9. 동작의 행위를 나타내는 전치사

    1) 능동문의 주어는 수동태에서 대개 전치사구로 나타나는데 그 때의 대표적인 전치사는

      by이지만, 동사에 따라 다른 전치사가 오는 경우가 있다.

    ∙Snow covers the mountain.

      → The mountain is covered with snow.

    ∙Everybody knows the poet.

      → The poet is known to everybody.

    ∙A man is known by the company he keeps.

    ∙His sudden death surprised me.

      → I was surprised at his sudden death.

    ⋆기쁨, 슬픔, 놀람 따위의 감정을 나타내는 동사는 보통 수동태로 나타내며,

      여기 수반하는 전치사는 대개 at, with 이다.

    ∙I am pleased with my students.

    ∙I am satisfied with the result.

    ∙I was astonished at his conduct.

    ∙This book interests me.

      → I am interested in this book.

    ∙I was tired from the work.

    ∙I was tired of my quiet life.

    ∙The street is crowded with a lot of people.

     2) ｢By + 행위자｣를 표시하지 않는 경우

       ① 행위자가 일반적인 사람일 때.

         ∙English is spoken in Hongkong (by them)

       ② 행위자가 명백하지 않을 때, 또는 누군지 알 수 없을 떄.

         ∙The house was built in 1470 (by somebody).

       ③ 행위자가 누군지 표현할 필요가 없을 때.

         ∙Mary and I were invited to Jane's house.

 

10. 수동태가 주로 사용될 때

    1) 능동태의 주어가 분명하지 않을 때.

      ∙He was killed during the war.

    2) 수동태의 주어가 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 때.

      ∙Spanish is spoken in Mexico, too.

    3) 능동태의 주어보다 수동태 주어에 관심이 클 때.

      ∙Mr. Truman was elected president again.

      ∙The child was run over by a car.

    4) 수동의 의미가 거의 없이 자동사로 느껴지는 경우.

      ⓐ 종사, 위치, 사망, 출생의 동사.

        ∙I am now engaged in writing a book.

        ⋆be absorbed in: ～에 몰두하다.

        ⋆be situated = be located: ～에 위치하다.

      ⓑ 익사, 피해, 탈선, 부상의 동사.

        ∙The river drowned him. (×)

          → He was drowned in the river. (○)

    5) 앞문장과의 연결상으로.

      ∙He made a speech and was asked many questions at the end.

        (그는 연설을 했다. 그리고 그 연설 끝에 많은 질문을 받았다.)

    6) 행위자를 나타내지 않는 것이 좋다고 생각될 때.

      ∙Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.

      (말하지 말았어야 할 것을 오늘밤 여기에서 몇 가지 말했다.)

11. 동작 수동태와 상태 수동태

    ∙Our house is painted every year.  (동작)

      = We paint our house every year.

    ∙Our house is painted green.       (상태)

      = We have painted our house green.

    ∙The door is shut at seven every evening. (동작)

    ∙The door is shut now. (상태)

12. 주의할 수동태

    1) 형식은 능동이나 수동의 뜻이 있는 경우

    ⋆sell, lock, read, translate, peel 등의 동사는, 형태는 능동이지만 의미는 수동의 뜻을

      나타내는 경우도 있다.

    ∙This novel sells well.  (이 소설은 잘 팔린다.)

    ∙This orange peels well.

    ∙His novels read well.

    ∙He sold the watch a at a good price.  (3형식)

    ∙His new novel sells well.              (1형식)

    

    2) 형식은 수동이나 뜻은 능동인 경우 (특히 감정을 나타내는 말에 많다.)

    ∙I was greatly astonished at the sight.   (나는 그 광경을 보고 매우 놀랐다)

    

    3) ������have (get) + 목적어 + 과거분사������ 의 두가지 의미

       ① 손해가 되는 경우 : …을 ～당하다.

       ② 이익이 되는 경우 : …을 ～시키다.

       ∙I had my purse stolen.

       ∙I had my watch st^/olen.  (당하다)

       ∙I h^/ad my watch mended.  (시키다)

    4) 기타

      ∙This house is building.

        = This house is being built. (이 집은 건축 중에 있다.)

      ∙The meal is now cooking.

      ∙He is to blame.

        = He is to be blamed.

      ∙a book to read = a book to be read.

      ∙a house to let = a house to be let : 셋집.

      ∙water to drink = water to be drunk : 음료수.

13. 시초수동

    ∙I am acquainted with him.  (상태)

    ∙I became acquainted with him at the party.  (동작의 시초)

    ⋆be acquainted with ～: “～을 알고 있다”의 뜻으로 현재의 상태를 나타내고 있다.

    ⋆be 동사 대신에 ‘become, grow, get + 과거분사’의 형태가 되면 ｢ ～하게 되다｣

      의 뜻으로 어떤 일이 일어나는 시초나 동기를 나타내므로 시초수동이라고 한다.

⌘ 다음 문장의 태를 바꾸어 봅시다.

① The fire destroyed twenty houses.

② A cat killed a rat.

③ Everybody loves her.

④ Columbus discovered America.

⑤ My father made me go there.

⑥ We saw her dance.

⑦ They say that he went to America.

⑧ They spoke well of him.

⑨ We saw pretty flowers.

⑩ Who wrote this story?

⑪ The window was broken by Jane.

⑫ The cake was made by Mother.

⑬ He was writing a book.

⑭ The child must be looked after by you.

⑮ Mother made us work hard.