10. 조동사(Auxiliary Verb)

10. 조동사(Auxiliary Verb)

Ⅰ. May, Might의 용법

  

1. 허락, 허가 : ������∼해도 좋다������ ↔ must not

    ∙May I smoke here?

      - Yes, you may.  (허가)

      - No, you may not. (불허가)

      - No, you must not. (금지)

    ∙You may go into the garden; but you must not pluck the flowers.

    ∙You may call him a good scholar, but you cannot call him a good teacher.

    ∙He may be called a poet, but he cannot be called a scholar.

2. 추측, 추정 ������∼일지도 모른다.������ ↔ may not

    ∙What he says may be true, or may not be true.

    ∙He may be rich.

      = It is possible that he is rich. (현재의 추측 : may + 원형)

    ∙He may have been rich.

      = It is possible that he was rich. (과거의 추측 : may have + p.p)

    ∙가정법 과거완료 = might have + p.p.

    ∙He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.)

      (그는 그녀를 만날지도 모른다 : 현재의 추측)

    ∙He may have met her. (= It is possible that he met her.)

      (그는 그녀를 과거에 만났을지도 모른다 : 과거의 추측)

    ∙I may have seen him before.

    ∙He may have said so. (추정 : 진짜 그렇게 말했을지도 모른다.)

    ∙He might have said so. (가정 : 실제는 그렇게 말하지 않았다.)

    ∙He might have met her.

      = He might have met her, if he had not been busy. (가정법 과거완료)

      = He did not meet her, as he was busy. (직설법 과거)

3. 능력 (may = can)

    ∙Gather roses while you may. (시기를 놓치지 마라) (may = can)

    ∙A man may be known by his friends.

4. 기타 관용적 용법.

    1) 기원문 : 기원, 소원을 나타내는 경우

      ∙May you succeed!

      ∙May the Emperor live long! (황제 만세!)

      ∙May be rest in peace! (편히 잠드소서!)

    2) 목적

      ∙I learned German so that I might not be at a loss as a doctor.

      ∙He works very hard (so) that his parents may live in comfort.

    3) 양보

      ∙He may be a bright boy but he is quite selfish

      ⋆may ∼ not : 비록 ∼이라 해도,  과연 ∼이지만

    4) may well + VR : ～하는 것은 당연하다.

       과거 : may well have + p.p.

      ∙She may well be proud of her son.

      ∙He may well say so.  (～하는 것은 당연하다)

        = He says so, and well he may.

        = He has good reason to say so.

        = It is  natural  that he should say so.

                = no wonder

                = a matter of course

                = not surprising

        = I take it for granted that he says so.

    5) may (might) as well A as B : ������B하느니 차라리 A하는게 낫다.������

         ������∼할 바에는 ⋯하는게 낫다.������   ������∼하는 것은⋯하는 것과 같다.������

      ⋆실현 가능한 일에는 : may as well ∼ as

      ⋆실현 불가능한 일에는 : might as well ～ as

      ∙You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.

         (그것을 불완전하게 아느니, 차라리 전혀 모르는 것이 낫다.)

      ∙You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him.

         (그를 설득하려고 시도하는 것은 이리를 설득하려는 것과 같다.)

      ∙You might as well expect the sun to rise in the west as expect me to change

          my opinion.

    6) may as well = had better ������∼하는게 좋다.������ 

      ∙You may as well  begin at once.

             = might as well

             = had better

    7) 공손한 표현 : may보다 might가 더 정중한 표현임

      ∙Might I ask your mane?

      ∙You might bring me a cup of coffee.

      ∙Might I ask you a question?

    

Ⅱ. Can, Could의 용법

1. 능력, 가능.

      ∙I can speak English.  (현재시제 = be able to)

       ⋆과거     : I was able to speak English.

       ⋆미래     : I will be able to speak English.

       ⋆현재완료 : I have been able to speak English.

       ⋆과거완료 : I had been able to speak English.

       ⋆미래완료 : I will have been able to speak English.

2. 추측, 강한 의혹.

      ① 의혹 (도대체 ∼일까?)

        ∙Who can he be?  (도대체 누구일까?)

        ∙Can it be true? (도대체 그게 사실일까?)

        ∙Where can it be? (그것이 도대체 어디에 있을까?)

      ② 부정적 추정 (cannot be : ∼일리가 없다)  (cannot +have + pp : ∼이었을 리가 없다.) 

        ∙It cannot be true.

        ∙He cannot be honest. (현재의 추측, 그는 정직할 리가 없다)

          = It is impossible that he is honest.

        ∙It cannot have been true. (사실이었을 리가 없다.)

        ∙He cannot have been honest. (과거의 추측)

          = It is impossible that he was honest.

        ∙Can he have written this English composition? 

          - No, he can't have written it.

        ⋆cannot이 추측을 나타낼 땐 과거형에 could not을 사용치 않고,

          반드시 cannot + have + p.p. 형태를 사용할 것.

3. 허가 또는 가벼운 명령 (=may)

      ∙You can go home now. (허가)

      ∙Can I help you?

4. 공손한 표현

      ∙Could you show me the way to the station? (공손)

5. 관용적 표현 : cannot ∼ too⋯ ������아무리 ∼해도 지나치지 않다.������

      ∙We cannot be too careful of our health.

      ∙We cannot praise him too much.

      ∙We cannot be too careful in the choice of our friends.

      ∙We can scarcely pay too high a price of liberty.

      ∙It can never be too late to learn anything.

Ⅲ. Must, have to, had to

1. 필요, 의무 (must + 의지동사)  = have to

      ∙You must go there.

        = It is necessary that you should go there.

        = It is necessary for you to go there.

      ⋆must의 부정어는 need not,  do not need to,  do not have to,  have not to 등.

      ∙You must go there.

       ⋆의문문: Do you have to go there?

       ⋆과거형: You had to go there.

       ⋆미래형: You will have to go there.

      ∙You have only to do your duty.  (～하기만 하면 된다)

2. 추측 (must + 무의지동사) ������∼임에 틀림이 없다.������  ↔cannot be

      ∙He must be honest. (현재의 추측)

        = I am sure that he is honest.

          = It is certain

          = It is impossible

        ≠ He cannot be honest.

      ∙He must have been honest.  (과거의 추측)

        = I am sure that he was honest.

          = It is impossible

        ≠ He cannot have been honest.

3. 기타 용법.

      ①

        ∙He must (needs) come. (꼭 ～한다고 고집하다)  needs : ������꼭, 반드시������란 뜻의 부사

        ∙He must (needs) have his own way. : 그는 꼭 자기 생각대로 해야한다.

      ② 필연, 불가피

        ∙Sooner or later, death must come to us all!

          (필연 : 반드시 ～하다. 조만간 죽음은 우리 모두에게 다가온다)

        ∙All must die.

      ③ 금지, 허가

        ∙You must not tell a lie. (금지; ～해서는 안된다)

          ≠ You may tell a lie.   (허가; ～해도 좋다)

        ∙You mustn't make such a great noise.

        ∙I think that I must go.

          과거: I thought that I must go.

4. Have to, had to의 용법

      ① have to = must

         don't have to = need not

        ⋆must는 추측(∼임에 틀림이 없다)에도 쓰이지만, have to는 필요, 의무에만 쓰이고

          추측에는 못쓴다.

        ∙You don't have to go there at once.

      ② have to,  had to의 부정문과 의문문

         ㉠ 부정문

           ∙don't have to = have not to

           ∙didn't have to = had not to

         ㉡ 의문문

           ∙Do you have to∼?

           ∙Have you to∼?

           ∙Did you have to∼?

           ∙Had you to∼?

           ⋆미국은 Do, Did를 많이 사용하며

             영국은 습관적·규칙적인 일을 나타낼 때 흔히 Do, Did를 쓴다.

      ③ must의 과거형 : had to

         must의 미래형 : will(shall) have to

      ④ 간접화법에서 must의 과거는 had to 또는 그대로 must 사용

         ∙He said he must(=had to) look after the child.

         ∙He said it must(≠had to) be true. (추측)

Ⅳ. Will, Would, Shall

1. 의지조동사

      ① 주어의 의지를 나타내는 will : 이 때의 will은 강하게 발음한다.

        ∙I will do as I like.

        ∙I shall be glad if you will help me.

        ∙She says she will leave here.  = She says, "I will leave here."

      ② 말하는 사람의 의지를 나타내는 shall

        ∙You shall have higher wages, if you work hard.

          = I will give you higher wages, if you work hard.

        ∙My son shall bring the money to you. 

          = I will let my son bring the money to you.

        ∙You shall die.  = I will kill you.

      ③ 상대방의 의지를 묻는 shall, will

        ∙Shall I shut the window?

        ∙Will you take it back with you? (의뢰, 권유)

        ∙Will you pass me the salt, please?

        ∙Will you have another cup of tea?

        ∙Shall my daughter go first?  = Do you want me to let my daughter go first?

          - Yes, let her go first.

          - No, you need not.

2. 습관

       ⋆Will : 현재의 불규칙적 습관. (～하곤하다)

       ⋆Would : 과거의 불규칙적 습관. (～하곤했다)

       ∙He will often sit up reading all night.

       ∙He will often come to see me of an evening.

          ⋆of an evening : 저녁에

          ⋆of late years : 근년에

          ⋆of a Sunday : 일요일에

          ⋆of late : 요즈음

       ∙He would often come home drunk, and beat his wife.

3. 소망 (wish to, want to)

      ∙He who would search for pearls, must dive deep.

      ∙Would that I were young again!

        = Would to God

        = I wish

  

4. 거절, 고집 ������아무리해도∼하지 않다������

      ∙The door will not open. (현재의 고집)

      ∙He would not help me.   (과거의 고집)

5. 습성, 경향 (He'll과 같이 생략형을 쓸 수가 없다)

      ∙Accident will happen.

      ∙Dogs will bark when they see a stranger.

      ∙Boys will be boys.

6. 기타.

      ∙This vessel will hold 2 gallons of water. (포용력)

      ∙Would you pass me the salt? (공손)

      ∙(You will) please do so. (공손)

      ∙He would be about twenty, when he met her. (추측)

      ∙This will be your luggage, I suppose. (추측)

      ⋆will이 명사로 쓰이면 ������의지, 뜻, 의사, 유언������ 등으로 쓰임.

      ∙He has a strong will.   (그는 강한 의지를 갖고 있다)

      ∙He made his will before his death.

      ∙I would rather die (than) live in dishonor.

          = would sooner

          = had rather

       = I would choose death before life in dishonor.

       = I prefer dying to living in dishonor. (전치사 + 명사, 동명사)

       = I prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor.

        (불명예스럽게 사느니 죽는 것이 낫다.)

      ∙Freedom of speech shall not be violated. (법률, 규칙)

      ∙Nation shall rise against nation.  (예언)

Ⅴ. Would, Should

1. Would 의 용법 : would는 will의 과거형이므로 will의 용법에 준한다.

      ① 과거의 거부, 고집

        ∙He would not take the money.

      ② 과거의 습관

        ∙He would often go swimming in the river while he was in the country.

      ③ 과거의 추측

        ∙He would be about twenty when he crossed the Pacific on a yacht alone.

      ④ would = wish to

        ∙He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet.

2. Should 의 용법

      ① 의무, 당연 (should + VR : ～해야한다) = ought to + VR

        ∙The young should respect the old.

        ∙You should obey the laws.

      ② 과거의 비난, 유감, 후회 (should + have + p.p. : ～했어야했는데)

        ∙You should have worked harder.

               = ought to

          = I am sorry (that) you didn't work harder.

          = I wish you had worked harder.

            = Would that

            = Would to God

            = If only

          = You had to work harder, but you didn't.

      ③ 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연 (의문사 + should)

        ⋆should가 why, how, who 등의 의문문에서 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연 등으로 쓰이면

          ������도대체 ～인가?������의 뜻으로 쓰인다.     

        ∙Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot weather?

        ∙How should you understand such a difficult problem.

        ∙Why in the world should I go?

        ∙What has he done that you should resort to violence?

           (그가 도대체 무슨 짓을 했다고 네가 폭력을 쓴단 말이냐?)

      ④ 수사의문문

        ∙How should I know it?    = I don't know at all.

      ⑤ Who should A but B ? : 도대체 누가 A하는가 했더니 다름 아닌 바로 B이더라.

        ∙Who should enter the classroom but the principal?

      ⑥ 이성적 판단의 should.

        ⋆������It is + 형 + that～������ 구문에서 형용사 necessary, important, proper, natural, good,

          well, right, wrong, rational 등이 오면 that절에 should를 사용한다.

          (해석할 필요는 없음)

        ∙It is natural that he should get angry.

          = It is natural for him to get angry.

          = He may well get angry.

        ∙It is necessary that you should answer the question.

        ∙It is right that you should say so.

      ⑦ 감정적 판단의 should.

        ⋆It is 다음에 a pity, surprising, odd, strange, curious, wonderful, regrettable 등이

          쓰이면 that～에 should를 사용하며, ������～하다니������로 해석한다.

        ⋆should + 동사원형    → 현재의 일.

        ⋆should + have + p.p. → 과거의 일.

        ∙It is strange that she should cry all day long.

        ∙It is a pity that he should have died young.

        ∙It is surprising that he should study the subject.

      ⑧ 주명희요기제(주장, 명령, 희망, 요구, 기대, 제안)을 나타내는 경우

        ⋆(advice, advisable, insist, demand, desire, expect, require, request, propose, move,

          suggest, order, wish)  +  that + S + (should) + VR

        ∙He insisted that he (should) go to the party.

          = He insisted on (또는 upon) going to the party.

        ∙I ordered that he (should) do it himself.

      ⑨ 기타.

         ㉠ 추측, 기대

           ∙He should arrive by the 6:15 train.

           ∙They should be there by now, I think.

         ㉡ 완곡한 표현

           ∙I should like to go to America once more. 

         ㉢ lest ∼ should 용법 : ������∼하지 않도록������

            ⋆자체 속에 부정의 뜻을 포함하고 있으므로, should다음에 not을 쓰지 않도록 주의.

            ⋆lest ∼should = for fear of ∼ing = so that may not

            ∙Write it down in your notebook lest you should forget it.

            ∙He lowered his voice for fear that he should be heard.

Ⅵ. Ought to

      - should와 거의 같은 뜻으로 사용된다.

 

1. 당연, 의무

      ∙You ought to start at once.   (～해야한다, should와 거의 같은 뜻)

      ∙You ought not to say such things. (부정; ought not to～)

      ∙Our experience ought to be a stimulus for our success in the future. (의무)

      ∙He ought to speak English well, for he has lived in England for many years. (당연)

      ① ought to + 의지동사 : ������∼하는 것이 당연하다.������

         ∙You ought to pay back your debts.

           = It is your duty to pay back your debts.

      ② ought to + 무의지동사 : ������∼하는 것은 당연한 것으로 이상할 게 없다.������

         ∙Such an able man ought to succeed.

           = It is natural that such an able man should succeed.

2. 과거의 유감, 후회, 비난. (ought to have + pp = should have + pp)

      ⋆������ought to have + p.p������는 과거에 실행되지 못한 일에 대해 유감, 비난, 후회를 나타내며

        ������～했어야했는데������의 뜻을 갖는다.

      ∙You ought to have told me that matter yesterday.

        = You should have told me that matter yesterday.

        = I am sorry (that) you did not tell me that matter yesterday.

        = I wish you had told me that matter yesterday.

         (너는 어제 그 일을 나에게 말했어야 했는데...)

      ∙He ought to have arrived at Seoul Station by now.

         (그는 지금쯤 마땅히 서울역에 도착해 있을 거야; 당연한 추측)

3. 미래의 추측.

      ∙It ought to be rainy tomorrow. (당연히 ～일 것이다)

      ∙If he left home at seven, he ought to be here now.

    4) ought to의 의문문

      ∙Ought he to join us?

        - Yes, he ought (to).

Ⅶ. Dare

    1) dare는 부정문과 의문문에서만 조동사로 쓰여 “감히 ～하다”

      ∙I dare not go there.

        = I don't dare to go there.

      ∙How dare you say such a thing to my face?

        = How do you dare to say such a thing to my face?

         (내 면전에서 네가 감히 나에게 그런 말을 할 수 있겠는가?)

    2) dare to do : 본동사로서 “감히 ～하다”

      ∙He does not dare to tell us.

    3) I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = 아마.

Ⅷ. Need

    1) need는 부정문과 의문문에서만 조동사로 쓰인다.

      ∙He needs your help. (본동사, 그는 너의 도움을 필요로 한다)

      ∙He need not go there. (조동사)

        = He does not need to go there. (본동사)

      ∙Need he work so hare? (조동사)

        = Does he need to work so hard? (본동사)

    2) need not have + p.p : ～할 필요가 없었는데 ～를 했다.

       did not need to～    : ～할 필요가 없었다, 그래서 ～하지 않았다.

      ∙He need not have written to her again.

        (그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었는데... (그런데도 썼다))

      ∙He did not need to write to her again.

        (그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었다. (썼는지의 여부는 모름))

    3) need가 명사로 쓰이는 경우

      ∙daily needs: 일용품.

      ∙immediate needs: 당장 필요한 것들.

      ∙The house is in need of repair. (명사로 필요, 소용, 결핍의 뜻)

      ⋆in need of～ : ～에 필요한.

      ⋆in need : 곤경에 빠져있는.  (A friend in need is a friend indeed.)

Ⅸ. Used to

    1) use가 명사, 동사로 쓰일 때.

      ∙You use your legs when you walk.  (동사, [ju:z])

      ∙The telephone is of no use in this town. (명사, [ju:s])

      ⋆use up = exhaust: 다 써 버리다.

      ⋆of no use = useless: 소용이 없는.

    2) used to + 동사원형.

      ① 과거의 규칙적 습관

        ∙I used to get up early. ([ju:st], 과거의 규칙적 습관)

          = I was in the habit of getting up early.

          = I made it a rule to get up early.

          = I made a point of getting up early.

          = I made it a point to get up early.

      ② 과거의 상태

        ∙There used to be a big tree there.

        ∙He used to live in Pusan.

      ③ used to의 의문문과 부정문

        ∙Used he to call on you every Sunday?

          Did he use to call on you every Sunday?

        ∙He used not to live here.

          He did not use to live here.

    3) be used to + 명사, 동명사. ������∼에 익숙하다.������

      ∙He is used to driving a car.

        = He is accustomed to drive a car.

                            = driving

      ⋆be used to 다음에 반드시 명사 또는 동명사가 오며 “～에 익숙하다”의 뜻.

      ⋆be accustomed to 다음엔 동사원형 또는 명사나 동명사가 모두 쓰임.