13. 부정사 (Infinitive)

13. 부정사 (Infinitive)

    ⋆부정사 - to부정사, 원형부정사

              

Ⅰ. TO 부정사

1. 명사적 용법

     ⋆｢～ 하는 것, ～ 하기｣로 해석되며, 문장 안에서 명사가 할 수 있는 역할(주어, 목적어,

       명사보어, 동격)로 쓰일 경우

     ⋆주어로서 부정사가 문두에 오는 일은 드물며, 그대신 형식주어 It를 쓴다. (가주어, 진주어)

    1) 주어로 쓰이는 경우 :

      ∙To learn English is very easy.

        = It is very easy to learn English.

      ∙To know oneself is difficult.

      ∙To answer this question is very difficult.

      ∙To live is not merely to breathe.

    2) 목적어로 쓰이는 경우 :

      ∙I want to read this book

      ⋆������의문사 + to 부정사������가 명사구의 역할을 해서 동사의 목적어로 쓰인다.

      ∙I don't know what to do.

                     where to go.

                     when to do it.

                     how to swim.

                     whom to go with.

      ∙He began to listen attentively.

      ∙I taught him how to read English.

      ∙I don't know what to do.

      ∙Please show me where to put my shoes.

      ∙I found it easy to read this book. (it는 가목적어, to∼는 진목적어)

    3) 명사보어로 쓰이는 경우 :

      ∙To see is to believe.

      ∙To do two things at a time is to do neither.

      ∙To know him is to respect him. (그를 알게되면 존경하게 된다.)

    4) 동격으로 쓰이는 경우 :

      ∙He has one aim, to make money.

              

    5) to부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사 :

      (다음 동사 다음에 나오는 to부정사는 무조건 명사적 용법임)  

     ⋆want,  hope,  decide,  learn,  wish,  plan,  care,  choose,  promise,  expect,  refuse,

       mean,  desire,  determine,  agree,  seek,  manage

2. 형용사적 용법

     ⋆������～하는, ～할������로 해석되며, 명사·대명사의 뒤에 놓여서 명사나 대명사를 수식하는 역할.

     ⋆수식 당하는 명사는 부정사의 의미상 주어, 또는 의미상 목적어, 또는 그 밖의 것이 된다.

   1) 한정적 용법 : 명사 뒤에서 수식.

      ∙I have no friend to help me.

      ∙I have got letters to write. (써야 할 편지)

      ∙I want something to write on. (쓸 것 -- 종이 등)

      ∙I want something to write with. (쓸 도구 -- 펜 등)

      ∙I have no book to read.

      ∙Boys, now is the time to learn English.

      ∙I have no friend to advise me.

      ∙There are many sights to see here.

      ∙something to eat  /  something to see  /  something to be seen 

      ∙I want a pen to write a letter with.

      ∙Please give me something cold to drink.

      ⋆������전치사 + 관계 대명사 + to부정사������가 명사를 수식하는 경우.

        ∙I have no house in which to live.

          = I have no house to live in.

        ∙I want a pen to write a letter with.

          = I want a pen with which to write a letter.

        ∙Is this a chair for me to sit on.

    2) 서술적 용법 : ������be + to 용법������

      ⋆be + to 부정사가 문장 안에서 주격보어(형용사 보어)로 쓰여서 예정,  의무,  가능,

        운명(～할 운명이다),  의도(～하려면: intend to) 등을 나타낸다.     

      ① 예정 :

        ∙We are to meet at the post office.

        ∙We are to arrive there at five.

        ∙The meeting is to be held at 10 tomorrow morning.

      ② 의무 :

        ∙You are to finish it by six.

        ∙You are to obey your parents.

        ∙You are to finish your homework by two o'clock.

        ∙You are to clean the window after dusting.

      ③ 가능 : 주로 수동태, 부정문, 의문문에서 사용됨

        ∙No one was to be seen on the street.

        ∙No one of them was to be found here.

        ∙Not a trace of him is to be discovered.

        ∙Nothing is to be had without perseverance and efforts.

          

      ④ 의도 : If절 안에서의 to be는 주로 intend to의 뜻으로 쓰임

        ∙If you are to succeed, you must work hard.

      ⑤ 운명 :

        ∙He was never to see his home again.

        ∙Byron left his native land, and he was never to return.

        ∙The day came, the day which was to decide the fate of the Empire.              

3. 부사적 용법 

    ⋆to 부정사가 문장 안에서 부사적 기능을 하며 목적, 결과, 원인, 조건, 양보, 이유·판단의

      근거, 정도 등을 나타냄.

    1) 목적 :������～하기 위해서, ～하러������

      ∙I got up early in order to catch the train.

      ∙I made haste so as to be in time for the lesson.

      ∙To hear her sweet voice, you would fall in love with her.

      ∙We came here to study English.

      ∙We eat to live, not live to eat.

      ∙He works hard that he may pass the examination.

        = He works hard so that he can pass the examination.

        = He works hard in order that he will pass the examination.

        = He works hard to pass the examination.

                         = so as to

                         = in order to

        = He works hard for the purpose of passing the exam.

                         = with the view of

                         = with a view to

                         = with the intention of

                         = with the object of      (전치사구:～하기 위하여)

        ⋆전치사 다음에는 항상 명사나 동명사가 온다. (전치사 다음은 전치사의 목적어가 와야

          하며, 목적어는 명사나 동명사만이 가능하기 때문이다.)

        ⋆복문을 단문으로 고치는 방법 :

          ⓐ 접속사 that의 생략.

          ⓑ 주절의 주어와 종속절의 주어가 같으면 생략.

          ⓒ 조동사 생략.

          ⓓ to를 사용하여 부정사 구문으로 고침.

            ∙She kept quiet so that she might not disturb her father.

              = She kept quiet so as not to disturb her father.

                (부정사의 부정은 부정어를 to 앞에 둔다)

              = She kept quiet lest she should disturb her father.

                (lest ～ should 구문, lest 다음은 절의 형태를 취함)

              = She kept quiet for fear of disturbing her father.

                (for fear of ～ing, of가 전치사. for fear (that)의 형태는 절을 취함)

    2) 결과 : ������～하여～되다, ～해보니 ～하였다������ 무의지 동사인 awake, live, grow up

              다음에 나오는 to부정사는 주로 결과를 나타냄.

      ∙Lincoln grew to be president of America.

      ∙He lived to be one hundred years old.

      ∙I awoke one morning to find myself famous.

      ∙He worked hard only to fail in the exam.

      ∙She married him happily only to divorce herself from him after three months.

      ∙He awoke to find himself famous.

      ∙He tried to rise, but it was useless.

        = He tried to rise only to fail.

        = He tried in vain(vainly) to rise.

      ⋆so that ～ 과 so ～ that.

       ⓐ so that～ : 목적, 결과(therefore, and so), 조건(if only, so long as)

          ㉠ 목적

            ∙He got up early so that he might be in time for the train.

              = He got up early so as to be in time for the train.

          ㉡ 결과

            ∙A great storm arose, so that the ship were wretched.

          ㉢ 조건

            ∙Any book will do, so that it is interesting.

        ⓑ so ～ that (so that 이하가 결과 부사절)

            ∙He got up so early that he was in time for the train.

              = He got up so early as to be in time for the train.

    3) 원인 : ������～하니 ～하다, ～해서 ～하다������  감정을 나타내는 동사나 형용사 다음에 나오는

             부정사는 원인을 나타냄.

      ⋆감정 동사  : smile, weep, aggrieve

      ⋆감정 형용사: glad, happy, sorry, delighted, pleased, surprised

      ∙I'm sorry to trouble you.

      ∙I am glad to see you.

      ∙Everybody was surprised to hear the news.

      ∙I was surprised to find her gone.

        = To my surprised, I found her gone.

      ⋆ to one's + 추상 명사  (결과를 나타냄, ～가 ⋯하게도)

    4) 조건 : ������만약 ～한다면������

      ∙To tell a lie again, you will be punished.

        = If you tell a lie again, you will be punished.

      ∙To hear him speak English, you would take him for an American.

        = If you would hear him speak English, you∼.

      ∙To hear her sweet voice, you would fall in love with her.

      ∙I should be glad to go with you.

        = I should be very glad if I could go with you.

      ∙I should be very happy to be of any service to you.

        = I should be very glad if I could be of any service to you.

    5) 양보 : ������아무리 ∼하였으나, 아무리 ∼한다 해도������

      ∙To do his best, he could not succeed in it.

        = Though he did his best, he could not succeed in it.

      ∙To say the least of it, he has one million dollars.

        = Though I say the least of it, he has one million dollars.

    6) 이유, 판단의 근거 : ������～을 보니������

      ⋆must be [cannot be, 감탄문] +  to 부정사

      ∙He must be honest to say so.

      ∙How foolish I was to trust him.

      ∙He must be fool to believe such a thing.

      ∙He cannot be rich to ask you for some money.

      ∙What a lucky fellow you are to have such a nice girl friend!

    7) 정도 : ������～하기에 ⋯ 하다������

      ⋆타동사나 전치사의 목적어는 본주어로 고칠 수 있다.

      ∙It is not good to drink this water.

        = This water is not good to drink (타동사의 목적어)

      ∙It seems to be comfortable to sleep in this bed.

        = This bed seems to be comfortable to sleep in (전치사의 목적어)

      ∙English is hard to learn. = It is hard to learn English.

      ∙He is old enough to go to school.

      ∙You are too young to marry.

      ∙He is too wise not to know it.  (그는 너무 현명하니 그것을 알지 못할 리 없다.)

      ∙The Romans were not too proud to learn useful lessons from the people whom they

        conquered. (너무 거만하지 않았으므로, 정복민들로부터 유용한 교훈을 배울 수 있었다.)

    8) 독립 부정사 : 부사적 구실을 하는 부정사가 독립적으로 쓰여 문장 전체를 수식하는

                    관용어구로 사용된다.

      ∙To tell the truth, I don't like your sister

      ∙To do her justice, she is a good-natured woman.

      ∙so to speak = as it were (즉, 말하자면)

      ∙to begin with (우선)

      ∙strange to say (이상한 이야기지만)

      ∙To make a long story short = in short (간단히 말해서)

      ∙To be sure (확실히)

      ∙not to speak of∼ = to say nothing of∼  (∼은 말할 것도 없이)

      ∙To make matters worse = what is worse (설상가상으로)

      ∙To be frank with you, he is a miser.

      ∙To judge his outward appearance, he must be a gentleman.

4. 부정사의 시제

    1) 단순부정사 :

      ⋆������to + VR������의 형태를 취하는 것을 단순부정사 또는 현재부정사라고하며,

        그 시제는 본동사의 시제와 일치한다.

      ⋆It seems(appears) that + S + V → S + seem(appear) + to 부정사.

      ⋆It happens(chances) that + S+ V→ S + happen(chance) + to 부정사.

      ∙He seems to be ill.   = He seems that he is ill.

      ∙He seemed to be ill.  = He seemed that he was ill.

      ∙She is said to be a widow.   = It is said that she is a widow.

      ∙She was said to be a widow.   = It was said that she was a widow.     

      ∙It seems that he studies hard.  = He seems to study hard.

      ∙It happened that we were on the same bus.

        = We happened to be on the same bus.

    2) 완료부정사 :

      ⋆to have +pp의 형태로, 본동사의 시제보다 한 시제 앞선다.

      ∙He seems to have been ill.  = He seems that he was(has been) ill.

      ∙He seemed to have been ill.  = He seemed that he had been ill.

      ∙It seems that he studied hard.  = He seems to have studied hard.

      ∙It appears that he was rich.    = He appears to have been rich.

      ∙She is said to have been a widow.   = It is said that she was(has been) a widow.

      ∙She was said to have been a widow.   = It was said that she had been a widow.     

    3) 미래부정사

      ⋆hope, wish, want, intend, expect, promise, remember, forget, be likely, be sure 등은

        미래의 어떤 것을 바라는 뜻이므로, 다음에 오는 to+VR의 형태는 자연히 미래의 시제가

        된다.

      ⋆미래 동사 + to 부정사 : 부정사의 시제가  본동사보다 하나 더 미래

      ∙I hope to see him.   = I hope that I shall see him.

      ∙I hoped to see him.  = I hoped that I should see him.

      ∙He intends to see you. = He intends that he will see you.

      ∙He intended to see you. = He intended that he would see you.

      ⋆remember, forget 다음에 부정사가 오면 미래의 뜻이 되고, 동명사가 오면 과거의 뜻

      ∙I remember to see her. = I remember that I shall see her.

      ∙I remember seeing her somewhere. = I remember that I saw her somewhere.

      ∙It is likely that he will win.  = He is likely to win.

    4) 과거에 이루지 못한 소망

      ⋆hope, wish, want, intend, expect, promise 등의 과거형 + to have + pp (완료부정사)가

        오면 과거에 이루지 못한 소망을 나타낸다. 

      ⋆형식 : S + had + 소망동사의 p.p + that ～

              S + had + 소망동사의 p.p + 단순 부정사

              S + 소망동사의 과거형 + 완료 부정사.

      ∙I hoped to see her yesterday.

        = I hoped that I should see her yesterday.

          (그녀를 만나기를 희망했음. 만났는지 만나지 못했는지는 표현되지 않음)

      ∙I had hoped that I would see her yesterday.

        = I had hoped to see her yesterday.

        = I hoped to have seen her yesterday.

        = I had to see her yesterday, but I couldn't.

          (그녀를 만나기를 희망했으나 만나지를 못함)

      ∙I hoped to have learned French.  = I hoped to learn French, but I couldn't learn it.

      ∙I expected to have seen her at the party last night.

      ∙I intended to have helped her with some money.

      ∙He intended to have seen the show.  = He had intended to see the show.

5. 부정사의 의미상의 주어

    ⋆의미상의 주어란 - 준동사(부정사, 분사, 동명사)의 주어를 말한다.

    ⋆준동사만으로는 문이 될 수 없어 문법상의 주어를 가질 수 없으므로,

      의미상으로 보아 주어관계가 어느 것이냐를 따져 보는 것이다.

    1) 의미상의 주어가 문의 주어와 같은 경우

      ⋆의미상의 주어가 본주어와 같을 땐 생략한다.

    　∙I expect to succeed.

        = I expect that I shall succeed.

    　∙Alexander wanted to conquer the whole world.

    2) 의미상의 주어가 목적어와 같은 경우

      ⋆부정사가 think, believe, consider, expect, wish, want, tell, order, command, advise 및

        지각동사, 사역동사 등의 동사 다음에 와서 목적보어 또는 직접목적어가 되는 경우. 

      ⋆의미상의 주어가 문장 전체의 목적어와 일치할 땐 전치사를 생략한다.

      ∙I expect (for) him to succeed.

        = I expect that he will succeed.

      ∙I think him to be honest.

        = I think that he is honest.

      ∙She thought me to be a hero.

        = She thought that I was a hero.

      ∙Tell me what to do.

        = Tell me what I should do.

      ∙The doctor ordered me to stay in bed.

        = The doctor ordered that I should stay in bed.

      ∙I saw him run away.

        = I saw that he ran away.

    3) 의미상의 주어가 for + 목적어인 경우

      ∙It is impossible for me to read Greek.

      ∙For me to read Greek is impossible.

      ∙The best thing is for you to ask him yourself.

        = The best thing is that you should ask him yourself.

      ∙There is no money for you to spend.

        = There is no money which you should spend.

      ∙This book is too difficult for you to read.

        = This book is so difficult that you cannot read it.

      ∙I think it difficult that he should solve the problem.

        = I think it difficult for him to solve the problem.

    4) 의미상의 주어가 of + 목적어인 경우

      ⋆부정사가 사람의 성질이나 특징을 나타내는 형용사 (good, fine, bad, nice, honest,

        kind, unkind, wise, clever, stupid, foolish, silly, polite, sweet, wrong, right,

        thoughtful, considerate, cruel, rude, careful, careless, generous.....) 다음에 올 때는

        of + 목적격을 쓴다.

      ∙It is very kind of you to say so.

       = You are very kind to say so.

       = How kind (it is) of you to say so.

      ∙It was very foolish of you to do so.

      ∙It was wise of you to say so.

        = You were wise to say so. (○)

      ∙It is impossible for you do say so.

        ≠You are impossible to say so. (×)

      ⋆of + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본주어로 고칠 수가 있다.

        for + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본주어로 고칠 수가 없다.

       (단, for + 목적격일지라도 타동사나 전치사의 목적어는 본주어로 고칠 수가 있다)

    5) 사람을 주어로 할 수 없는 형용사 :

      ⋆convenient, necessary, difficult, important, impossible, possible, pleasant, easy,

        dangerous 등의 형용사와 a pity와 같은 명사는 원칙적으로 사람을 주어로 할 수가

        없다.  그러나 사람 주어가 부정사의 타동사나 전치사의 목적어에서 온 경우엔 가능

      ∙It is easy for Tom to master English.

        = English is easy for Tom to master. (○) → 타동사의 목적어

        = Tom is easy to master English. (×) → 목적격

      ∙It is cruel of him to beat the dog like that.

        = He is cruel to beat the dog like that. (of + 목적격에서는 가능)

      ∙It is possible for me to solve the problem.

        = I am possible to solve the problem. (×)

      ∙It is dangerous for her to bathe in this river.

        = This river is dangerous for her to bathe in. (○) → 전치사의목적어

        = She is dangerous to bathe in this river. (×)

      ∙It is difficult to please him.

        = He is difficult to please.

      ⋆difficult는 사람을 주어로 할 수 없으나 him이 타동사의 목적어이므로 가능

      ⋆unable, incapable, be sorry 등은 It을 주어로 할 수 없다.

      ∙It is sorry for me to hear of your father's death.(×)

        = I am sorry to hear of your father's death. (○)

6. 기타 부정사의 용법

    1) 부정사의 부정 : 부정어를 to 앞에 놓는다.

      ∙He did not try to smile. (try를 부정)

      ∙He tried not to smile. (to smile을 부정)

    2) 대부정사 : 부정사의 반복을 피하기 위하여 to만을 씀.

     ∙You may go if you want to (go).  (go 생략)

    3) 분리 부정사 : 부사가 부정사를 수식한다는 것을 분명히 하기 위해

       ������to + 동사원형������이 부사에 의해 분리되는 것.

      ∙He entirely failed to understand it.

        (entirely가 failed를 수식, 완전부정)

      ∙He failed to entirely understand it.

        (entirely가 understand를 수식하는 분리 부정사, 부분부정)

    4) 감탄문을 만드는 부정사.

      ∙To think that such a little boy should have done it.

    5) 부정사의 태 : 능동형으로 수동의 의미를 나타내는 것.

      ∙You are to blame.

        = You are to be blamed.

      ∙To teach is to be taught.

    6) 부정사 관련구문

      ① so～ that … ;   such ～ that …

        ⋆so   + 형/부 + that + S + V

        ⋆such + 명    + that + S + V

        ∙As the book is very small, I can put it in my pocket.

          = The book is so small that I put it in my pocket.

          = The book is small enough for me to put in my pocket.

        ∙It was such a lovely day that he went out.

          = It was so lovely a day that he went out.

        ⋆복문 ⇒ 단문

          ⓐ 형/부 + enough의 형태로

          ⓑ 접속사 that 생략

          ⓒ that 이하의 절이 본주어와 같을 때는 생략, 다를 땐 for + 목적격

          ⓓ 타동사의 목적어가 본주어와 같을 땐 생략, 다를 땐 써줌.

      ② so ～ that … not

        ⋆so  + 형/부 + that … not

        ⋆too + 형/부 + for + 목적격 + to 부정사

        ∙This stone is too heavy for me to lift.

          = This stone is so heavy that I can not lift it.

      ③ Too의 특수 용법

        ⋆not too ～ to  =  not so that ～ not

          ∙He is not too old to do the task.

            = He is not so old that he can not do the task.

            = However old he may be, he can do the task.

            = He is not so old but he can do the task.

        ⋆too ～ not to = so ～ that cannot but …

          ∙The statesman is too great not to be respected.(by us)

            = The statesman is so great that he cannot but be respected.(by us)

            = The statesman is so great that we cannot but respect him.

              (cannot but = can의 의미)

        ⋆∼, too

          ∙I have much money.

            I have much money, too.= So do I.

        ⋆too = very,  only too = very,

          too liable to ～ ,  too ready to ～ (걸핏하면 ～ 하다,  ～하기 일쑤다)

          ∙I am only too good to help you.

          ∙He is too liable (ready, apt) to despise the poor.

      ④ too ～ to,  enough ～ to.

        ∙This stone is too heavy for me to lift.

          = This stone is so heavy that I cannot lift it.

        ∙This book is easy enough for me to read.

          = This book is so easy that I can read it.

7. 부정사의 의미.

    ⋆부정사는 동명사에 비해 “미래적”, “ 구체적“, ”가상적“인 성질을 갖는다.

    1) 미래적 성질.

      ∙Mery remembers to go. (미래성 → 갈 것)

      ∙Mery remembers going. (과거성 → 간 것)

    2) 구체적 성질.

      ∙To swim is better exercise than to row for older people.

         (수영에 대한 구체성, 운동 효과 등등...)

      ∙Swimming is better than exercise rowing for older people.

         (수영에 대한 일반적인 견해)

    3) 가상적 성질.

      ∙John likes Mery to stay at home.

        (Mery가 집에 있다는 사실 여부는 표현되지 않음)

      ∙John likes Mery staying at home.

        (Mery가 집에 있음)

      ⋆이러한 의미적 성질을 중심으로 부정사나 동명사만을 목적어로 취할 수밖에 없는 동사

        들이 있다.

         ① 주로 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사

            : want, wish, hope, expect, choose, decide, determine,

              refuse, pretend, manage, offer, agree, promise.........

         ② 주로 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사

            : admit, consider, give up, deny, finish, mind, stop, quit,

              escape, postpone, practice, enjoy, avoid, put off.........

       　  ∙He decided to leave school.

             → He decided leaving school. (×)

             → He decided on leaving school. (○)

           ∙He gave up drinking and smoking.

         ③ 부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 취하는 동사.

           ⓐ like, hate, prefer, love, dread, intend,

              + 부정사 : 사실성의 언급이 없음. (I like her to sing)

              + 동명사 : 사실성이 표현됨.  (I like her singing )

           ⓑ forget, remember, regret, report, recall, anticipate,

              acknowledge, emphasize, announce, suspect, admit....

               + 부정사: 미래성 (I remember to post the letter),부칠 것.

               + 동명사: 과거성 (I remember posting the letter),부친 것.

           ⓒ stop + 부정사 : 부정사의 부사적 용법.  (I stoped to smoke)

                   + 동명사 : stop의 목적어.         (I stoped smoking)

           ⓓ try  + 부정사 : 노력하다.      (Mery tries to write a book)

                   + 동명사 : 시험삼아 해보다 (Mery tries writing a book)

           ⓔ go on + 부정사: 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.

                    + 동명사: 계속해서 --하다.

              ∙He went on to talk about his accident.

              ∙He went on talking about his accident.

Ⅱ. 원형부정사

1. 원형 부정사 :

    ⋆지각 동사나 사역 동사 다음엔 to가 생략되고 동사 원형만이 오는데 이를

      원형 부정사라 한다.

2. 지각동사

    1) see, watch, behold, observe, notice, hear, feel, listen to, look at, smell, perceive 등과

      같은 감각에 관한 동사의 목적격보어에 쓰인다.

      ⋆지각 동사 + 목적어 + 원형 부정사.

      ⋆지각동사가 수동형으로 쓰이면 to 부정사로 바뀌어 주격보어가 된다.

      ∙I saw a bird fly.

      ∙We heard the school bell ring.

        = The school bell was heard to ring (by us).

      ∙I saw him enter the room.

    2) 지각동사의 목적격 보어로는 원형부정사 대신에 현재분사가 쓰일 수도 있으며,

       이 때는 진행의 의미가 강하다.

      ∙You may see tall building rising high up in the sky.

      ∙I saw several boys playing handball.

      ∙We saw a dog running after a cat.

      ∙I saw an old man crossing the street.

3. 사역동사

    1) make, have, let, help, bid 등과 같은 사역동사의 목적격보어로 쓰인다.

      ⋆사역 동사 + 목적어 + 원형 부정사.

      ⋆사역동사가 수동일 때는 to부정사로 주격보어가 된다.

      ∙I made him write a letter of apology.

        = He was made to write a letter of apology by him.

      ∙He let Betty use his dictionary.

        = Betty was allowed to use his dictionary by him.

      ∙I will have him do it.

      ∙He made me pay the money.

        = I was made to pay the money by him.

      ∙It helps you (to) understand him better.

      ∙Let me introduce myself to you.

    2) get, allow, order, cause, compel, force, oblige + 목적어 + to부정사

      ⋆열거한 동사는 사역의 의미는 갖고 있지만 사역 동사는 아니다)

      ∙The rain made the river rise.

        = The rain caused the river to rise.

  

4. 관용구 다음의 원형 부정사.

    ⋆had better(best) + 동사 원형 (부정: had better not)

    ⋆cannot but + 동사원형 (cannot help ～ ing)

    ⋆do nothing but + 동사원형.

    ⋆would rather

      would sooner A than B  (A, B가 동사원형)

      had rather

    ⋆have to = must

    ∙You had better stay in bed.

      = It would be better for you to stay in bed.

    ∙I could not but laugh at it.

    ∙She does nothing but cry.

◇ cannot but + 원형동사

    ∙I cannot but laugh.

      = I cannot choose but laugh. (cannot choose but + 원형동사)

      = I cannot help  laughing.   (cannot help  + ～ing)

                 avoid                     avoid

      = I cannot keep from laughing.(cannot keep from + ～ing)

      = I have no choice but to laugh.

      = I have no alternative but laugh.

      = Nothing remains but to laugh.

      = There is nothing for it but to laugh.

      = How can I help laughing?